1 Excerpted from Wheel of Fortune: Work and Life in the Age of Falling Expectations by Jamie Swift © 1995 Jamie Swift. ISBN 978-0-92128-489-5. First published in 1995 by Between The Lines.
2 “Solidarity Forever,” words reprinted in P.B. Patterson, “Rise Up Singing: The Group-singing Songbook” (Bethlehem, Penn.: A Sing Out Publication, 1988).
3 Judith Timson, “The Four-Day Vacation,” Destinations, March 1993.
4 Morissette, Myles, and Picot, “What Is Happening to Earnings Inequality in Canada.”
5 Michael L. Smith, “Making Time: Representations of Technology at the 1964 World’s Fair,” in The Power of Culture: Critical Essays in American History, ed. Richard Wightman Fox and T.J. Jackson Lears (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993), p.237.
6 Bruce O’Hara, Working Harder Isn’t Working: How We Can Save the Environment, the Economy and Our Sanity by Working Less and Enjoying Life More (Vancouver: New Star Books, 1993), p.67.
7 Juliet B. Schor, The Overworked American: The Unexpected Decline of Leisure (New York: Basic Books, 1991), p.2.
8 Ibid., pp.96–97, 150–51.
9 Mike Cooley, “Work and Time,” in About Time, ed. Christopher Rawlence (London: Jonathan Cape, 1985), p.33.
10 Ibid.
11 Lewis Mumford, Technics and Civilization (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1934). p.14.
12 Ibid.
13 Jacques Le Goff, Work and Culture in the Middle Ages (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980), p.44.
14 Ibid., pp.46–47.
15 Joseph Conrad, The Secret Agent (London: J.M. Dent, 1961), pp.33, 35.
16 Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (New York: Random House, 1979), p.154.
17 E.P. Thompson, “Time, Work-Discipline and Industrial Capitalism,” Past and Present, 38 (1967).
18 Quoted in Stephen Kern, The Culture of Time and Space, 1880–1918 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1983), p.110. Also more or less forgotten are the less-celebrated fates of the thirty Filipino sailors who perished in 1994 when the bulk carrier Marika 7 steamed out of Sept-Iles into the teeth of a vicious North Atlantic gale. The event rekindled concern over safety of crews on ships whose owners operate on schedules so tight that the on-time delivery of iron ore takes priority over human life. When Rev. David Craig, director of the Halifax Missions to Seamen, complained after the Marika 7 disaster that captains are routinely pressured to sail aging ships into violent storms so that owners can avoid cash penalties for late delivery, he was sacked from his job.
19 Statistics Canada, 1992 Household Facilities and Equipment Survey, Ottawa, 1992.
20 Robert Bellah et al., The Good Society (NewYork: Knopf, 1991), p.93.
21 O’Hara, Working Harder Isn’t Working, p.16.
22 Statistics Canada, Initial Data Release from the 1992 General Social Survey on Time Use, Ottawa, 1993, cited in Vanier Institute for the Family, Profiling Canada’s Families, Ottawa, 1994.
23 Vanier Institute, Profiling Canada’s Families, p.107.
24 Raymond Williams, Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society (London: Fontana, 1983), pp.78–79.
25 Schor, Overworked American, p.120.
26 Palmer, Working-Class Experience, pp.65, 52, 93.
27 Ibid., pp.106–8.
28 Ontario Task Force on Hours of Work and Overtime, Working Times: The Report of the Task Force, Toronto, 1987, p.13.
29 Stephen Leacock, The Unsolved Riddle of Social Justice (New York: Jonathan Lane, 1920), pp.81–82.
30 Christine Frederick, Selling Mrs. Consumer (New York, 1929), p.15, quoted in Ewen, Captains of Consciousness, p.171.
31 Quoted in Hunnicutt, “End of Shorter Hours.”
32 Leacock, Unsolved Riddle of Social Justice, p.28.
33 Herbert Marcuse, Eros and Civilization (New York: Vintage, 1962), pp.vii–viii.
34 Benjamin Hunnicutt, “The Pursuit of Happiness,” Context: A Quarterly of Humane Sustainable Culture, 37 (Winter 1993–94), pp.34–38.
35 See Hunnicutt, “Pursuit of Happiness,” and Jamie Swift, “The Brave New World of Work,” CBC-Ideas, June 29, 1994, which includes an interview with Hunnicutt.
36 Lewis Mumford, Technics and Civilization (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1934), p.22.
37 Charles Taylor, Sources of the Self: The Making of the Modern Movement (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), p.509.
38 The Globe and Mail, October 7, 1994.
39 Gorz, Farewell to the Working Class, p.136.
40 Miriam Edelson, “The Boys Just Don’t Get It,” Our Times, October/November, 1994.
41 Williams, Keywords, pp.334–37.
42 The Globe and Mail, March 13, 1974, quoted in James Rhinehart, The Tyranny of Work: Alienation and the Labour Process (Toronto: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich Canada, 1987), p.5.
43 Williams, Keywords, p.335.
44 Swift, “Brave New World of Work,” CBC-Ideas, interview with Hunnicutt.
45 Gambling is often referred to by both government officials and its promoters as “gaming.” This is perhaps because, despite its popularity and relentless advertising, the idea of gambling has yet to lose all of its residual moral tarnish.
46 David Popenoe, Private Pleasure, Public Right (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books, 1985), cited in Bellah et al., Good Society, p.89.
47 Ibid.
48 CBC-Radio News, January 9, 1995.
49 Human Resources Development Canada, Agenda: Jobs and Growth: Improving Social Security in Canada, Ottawa, 1994, p.17.
50 Horizon, 129–30 (December 1949–January 1950).
51 George Orwell, “James Burnham and the Managerial Revolution,” in The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell, vol.4, In Front of Your Nose (New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1968), pp.160–81.